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144 [Image crossed out.]

series of curley lines [crossed out: arranged upon the stem] upon them The stem which the plant grows in open places where the sun light can penetrate is red and in other situations green or brown. the slender usually straight branches or trunk with the some what willow shaped leaf has given rise to the erroneous conclusion that the plant is the "Red Willow." The method of preparing the shrub for the pipe is as follows. the stems are cut as near the ground (and let us remark the shrub usually grows in shady places and reaches a height of about six to ten feet) as convenient and the branch es cut off so that only the long slender stems are used. and these are taken and with a knife held so as to cut backward similar to a draw knife the thin red or outer bark is stripped off this is readily done as the cortical portion separates easily. When the red is all removed from the entire stick the green bark is scraped off from the [?wood?] with the back of the knife and comes away in long ribbons. these are collected upon a piece of birch bark or any suitable means and when enough has been obtained the ribons are dried either upon a piece of cedar split up into strips in the fashion of a fan or as "Billy Washington" dried it upon a tin plate set up on a stick. in an inclined position before a fire. when thoroughly dry the bark is quite friable and is [?broken?] by rubbing in the hand. This then is the Kinnikinnik in its original and genuine form. There are however a number of spurious kind used for instance in the absence of he [?] the [?] of Bear berry. "Arctostaphylos Nivi Ursi" [Spurge} which grows abundantly in the woods of our northern states. and is a trailing vine springing from a common center in radial lines this is collected dried and smoked as the genuine in case of necessity. The Partridge berry or Mitchella ripem [(?)] a slender trailing vine common in much of the [?] states is according to the authority of Mr. Gustave Beauleau another substitute for the true kinnikinnik.

  The description of the kinnikinnik is that made and used by the Ojibway and it is probable the Dakotas use the same plant. at the same time there is a difference in the mixture of the ingridients as will be apparent from the narrative related to the writer by Hon. Henry M Rice in [?] Paul.  He said "On one occasion when the Dakota (Sioux) and Ojibway (Chippeway) occupied the East and west banks of the Minnesota river and before the sessation of hostilities between these nations I was holding a council in my house with some chiefs of the Ojibway and they [?] and is the custom smoked their Kinnikinnik in the counsil pipe.  Looking up I saw from the window a band of Dakotas coming toward the house fearing blood shed under my roof I hurried the Ojibway into a place of hiding in the celler as they were in the minority and told them to lie close.  This was hardly accomplished when the Dakota band came up to the house and coming into the room sniffed the air and explained "our enemies are here we smell their tobacco."  They were at last persuaded that they had long since gone and after the Dakotas departed the Ojibway were set at liberty."  from this it is evident the smoke yielded by the "kinnikinnik' of the two nations is